Why Your Gut Renews Every 5 Days — and What That Means for Aging, with Christian Drapeau

What are the women actually feeling when these kind of issues present themselves? People don't realize how fragile the intestinal lining is. The lining of your intestine is one cell thing, and you can resolve it by changing the intestinal flora.

Christian Drapeau, a neurophysiologist and pioneer of stem cell mobilization, holds back the curtain on the repair system framework. He has dedicated his work for over 20 years to helping people age gracefully and feel more vibrant. All right, Christian, so here's our final segment. We're going to talk about the gut. And you had mentioned in a previous one that the this your skin renews every 30 days. Right? Now you told me um yesterday and we were prepping for this that the gut lining actually renews itself every five days. Five days. That's incredible. So that makes gut, if I'm if I'm not mistaken here, that makes gut stem cells some of the most active in the body. Um does that also mean it makes them the most susceptible to harm?

Yes. I mean again, let's take a little bit of distance and and look at physiology because I think oftentimes people don't realize how fragile the intestinal lining is. Sure. So you have something that is what roughly maybe like 10, 13 feet in like all wrapped up into your gut. If you were to stretch all of and it's made of of tons of little like foldings called villi and microvilli, and all of this is made to take this tube that is about what an inch, an inch and a half, 10, 13 feet long, to have a surface that is roughly about a tennis court. So so think about this because you want to increase the surface contact to enhance absorption. So the digestive system was designed that way. So you take now this tennis court and then you wrap it into a small tube of that size. What does it mean? It means that it's extremely thin. So the lining of your intestine is one cell thick. So there is one cell that separates your bloodstream from everything that is in your gut. It is the most fragile and vulnerable part of your body. So, so and we damage it all the time. Every time you take processed food, take any food that is, let's say, artificially made to be creamy. Take a protein drink, okay, that is that is like thick and creamy. It's made to have that texture by adding different emulsifiers. Emulsifiers will damage your lining. And like a long list of artificial stuff that we're exposing ourselves all the time. It's not one exposure, because if it renews every five days, that means it is also extremely resilient. Sure. Like it repairs on top of all this damage. But over time, that damage can add up to something that is significant. So that's what we need to keep in mind. It's extremely fragile. And in order to be able to accomplish its job properly, it has developed this ability to renew really fast. So there's a type of stem cells that is intestinal stem cells that is right there in the crypt, if you want, of these microvilli. And its job is to renew the cells, the epithelial cells of the lining of the intestine all the time, constantly. So if you have a situation that is that is damaging for, let's say you're gluten-sensitive or you have a wrong intestinal flora, stress will affect that as well. Sure. Like whatever is the factor that is now putting pressure in an area of your gut, if at some point that area is damaged beyond the capacity of the local stem cells to repair, then that's when you have a problem. You have it's bleeds or you have cramp, you have pain, you have something. Now it's the acute phase, which is essentially the cause, is not the lack of stem cells, but you experience it because you have exhausted stem cells. So now you trigger the release of your own stem cells, you replenish that area, and now you experience a significant improvement in your condition. Now you need to go and dive and see what's the cause of it. They've not really found the cause. But but I'm I'm mentioning all of this just to kind of put on the table here the role of stem cells into maintaining this lining of the intestine. So now we dive into everything that can be a cause of damaging it. And one of them is also withdrawal of estrogen. Because among others.

That was my next question. Like, does the case of gut issues or gut-related issues increase during this middle age point for women? In in speaking in generalities, I assume it does from our conversations. Yeah.

It does. And like almost anything else that we've talked about, it's multifactorial. And by multi, it's it's many of them. So we need to look like at what are the main ones? And there are a few ones that are that are showing up. Number one, the impact of estrogen on stem cell proliferation. So you remove that assistance. So now you have less less impact in your ability to repair. Remember, if we don't do anything to your bones, then you convert more to fat to adipocytes, fat cells on the bone marrow than repair cells. So that has an impact on your overall ability to repair as well. Estrogen is strongly anti-inflammatory. So you remove this anti-inflammatory effect. So if you if you allow greater inflammation everywhere but includes the lining of the intestine, then you kind of make life harder for stem cells to do their job of tissue repair. So all of this kind of adds up. Some of the main impact will be, and that is something that is fascinating. They call it, I mean, it's known. They call it the estrobolome, which is a estrobolome, which is your biome associated with estrogen, which is the fact that women have a different in their in their fertile period, pre pre premenopause and menopause, they have an intestinal flora that is very different from a man. It's an intestinal flora that supports estrogen function in the body and is also impacted by estrogen, meaning estrogen, its impact is it makes a selection of the right bacteria and the flora. So a woman has a different flora than a man. And very interestingly, after menopause, the flora is very similar to a man. So there's there's a there's an interplay between estrogen. Welcome to our world. There you go. There you go. So they can no longer multitask and think about many things at once, you know. So it's all in the gut. So so the impact, so when you lose estrogen, you the flora change and that change in flora, that increase in inflammation, all of that, and also attached to that is as the the lining is is damaged in a way or more fragile, it affects what is called GALT, which is gut-associated lymphoid tissue. It's the immune system that is lining your entire gut that is aimed at protecting us from anything that did come from the intestine. Because you think about it, there's one cell lining that separates blood from shit. If you think about it this way. So you need to you need to have a real line of protection. That's the renewal capacity of that lining and this immune tissue that is all lining up the gut. When these disruptions happen, you've got a weakening of the gut, and you also got you get a weakening of that that immune protection. And that is one of the reasons why after menopause, you get a greater sensitivity to a lot of autoimmune conditions, to the thyroid with with Ashimoto, to the live to the pancreas with type 2 diabetes. Like, like there's a lot of ramification to all of that.

How does this um generally in in most common ways present itself symptomatically in this age group? Like what are what are the women actually feeling at this point when that when these gut issues present themselves?

I'm not a clinician with experience with patients, you know, but but but I'm assuming that it's things like you realize your digestive system does not work like it used to. Right. Like you don't digest as effectively as you used to. Foods like you don't agree with the same food that you used to. Uh probably bowel movements start to change, like things are different than it used to. Um the feeling after a meal might be different always. Also, you may feel more fatigue after meals compared to what it used to. It can translate into things like this until it translates into actual colitis and and real problems of the of the gut.

Yeah. You know, it's it's um the gut brain access research that's going on right now is super interesting to me. And I I've noticed personally, like I had um some bad gut issues. I was over-trained, overstressed, um, all kinds of things, just you know, typical stuff I would coach people not to do. But it was it affected me emotionally, right? Like that was something I was really, and I know you you can't comment on this. This isn't your your specific area, but I I would notice too, like I would just become super irritable, right? I would just become like annoyed by things, like just frustrated. Like when normally I'm a pretty cool, calm character, right? But like when my gut issues flared up, it was just, I just didn't, you didn't want to be around me. I wasn't a fun person. You know, I think that's something like as we start to realize how powerful the gut is, right? In so many denarias are like it's not just a feeling about how you're digesting, it's just it's your emotional state. It's it's how you present yourself, it's how you interact with people. It's it's all these different things. I mean, it's a very, very powerful system that I'm sure we haven't even scratched the surface.

I mean, there's a big link between the flora and and the brain. And I remember when I was doing my study, so and and the the article that I put my hands on was a much earlier study. So I think it was published like in the 1940s or 1950s. And um, and so my studies were like in the early 1980s, and I was I was puzzled by putting my hand on that paper and wondering, where is it in the world today? And it was a study showing that so they had a number of patients that were institutionalized, like they were in a hospital with coma state, state of psychosis, epileptic seizures, and they identified that the problem was in their intestinal flora. So at the time you did not have like probiotics on the marketplace, so they developed like super yogurt. So they fermented yogurt with a number of bacteria, and they brought it up, if I remember well, to something like 700 billion microorganisms uh per day that they were providing to these individuals. And within about a week, one, two weeks, the individuals were returned home normalized, in a normal state.

Wow.

And I was flabbergasted to see that documented in the scientific literature, and yet nowhere in my entire university education in health and in neurophysiology has anybody talked about the intestinal flora for overall health, but definitely for nothing to do with brain health. And yet there's a direct link. And and today, I mean, there there is research in it. So we know to a large extent why it's happening. You get leaky gut, you get some bacteria in your gut that will produce byproduct of their own metabolism. This byproduct gets to your blood, it should not, but it gets to your blood because we develop leaky gut, which is way more common than we think. And I'll get into that in in a moment. Uh, and then those compounds happen to be, they're not neurotoxin in their definition, but let's say they're toxic to the brain. They lead to these conditions in the brain, and you can resolve it by changing the intestinal flora. Uh so there's there's um there's a big impact. And there's a lot of conditions like this, like ankylosing spondylitis, there's a number diabetes, yeah, diabetes, type 2 diabetes, late-onset type 1 diabetes. There are bacteria, not many, like two or three, that have been associated with these conditions. And in mice, if you take these bacteria and you inject them in in the digestive system of these mice, they develop diabetes. So I'm not saying it's the only the entire story, but there is a strong story to say there's something happening in your gut that really has an impact on other things than just your digestion.

Yeah. I mean, we were talking earlier in another episode about just the miracle of the human body, right? And one of the things that fascinates me the most is the fact that we we essentially live in symbiosis with what, millions or billions of types of bacteria in our gut.

Like we're not alone. There's more cell in your gut than there are cells in your body. Right. Your cells. Right. So more bacterial cells than your own body cells. Right.

Like we're walking, we're walking around with aliens in our body all the time. And it's uh it's just a fast- I mean, just wrap your head around for that second. I I mean I can go off on this, but okay, back on track. Um inflammation. Everyone's talking about inflammation, right? Inflammation uh acute, inflammation chronic. Um, and it seems to be everyone wants to reduce inflammation at the highest level, and then obviously, you know, in specific areas or their body, whatever, it's just we're overwhelmed with this term inflammation. So maybe give us an idea. How does you know the gut, inflammation, stem cells, body repair service, how they all work together? Why is this what do we need to know?

The inf the word inflammation is used, I wouldn't not say wrongly, but it but it's used to cover an umbrella that is so wide that somewhere the world gets a little bit lost in a way. Inflammation, the way that we traditionally understand it, is a signal for repair. So you get somewhere a tissue that is injured, that tissue starts signaling for tissue repair. And stem cells, when they're circulating everywhere in the body, they will go to a place and then they will go there and they will repair that tissue. When the tissue is repaired, inflammation is shut down. The first thing that a stem cell does when it migrates into a tissue is triggering repair. Sorry, sorry, sorry, anti-inflammation to to to to initiate the whole process of tissue repair. You cannot have repair and inflammation at the same time. So stem cells are very anti-inflammatory. If areas in your body have tissue damage and do not repair, they slowly accumulate into what is referred to as damp, damage, damage-associated molecular pattern, meaning a bunch of places in your body that are calling for repair. You have passed an age where you don't have enough stem cells in circulation to do effective repair. So they keep calling, they keep calling for repair. And slowly that calling accumulates in your bloodstream. And now when a stem cell is released, it can no longer tell where to go because the signal is everywhere in the blood. It's too much noise. So that's systemic inflammation. And you have now disrupted your entire repair process, tissue maintenance process, and it becomes like one of the drivers through its impact on stem cells, one of the driver of disease formation and aging. And that's why they call it inflammation. There's another aspect to inflammation, which are compounds that are secreted as part of the inflammation cascade. They may not specifically give you inflammation, which is like edema and what we associate with inflammation, but they are part of the cascade of what is triggered in an inflammatory cascade, and they disrupt cellular function. And that's more the inflammation that is generated by fat cells, for example. Fat cells secrete compounds that are highly inflammatory. So one, so we talked about grip strength as one of the greatest markers for longevity. Belly fat is the second one, not far behind. Same thing. Why? Because it it produces a lot of those compounds that are part of this family of compounds that we call inflammatory, inflammatory compounds, and they disrupt cellular function. They disrupt, for example, some of them disrupt your nervous system in its ability to identify when you have eaten enough. So it puts you in this cycle now of not detecting society, and you eat more than you should, which leads to more fat cells, and it leads to this like complex cycle now that leads to gaining weight, which starts by this conversion of stem cells to fat cells, developing more fat deposits, and it generates this kind of cascade. But these inflammatory compounds come from everywhere. Actually, the biggest manufacturer of inflammatory compounds in your body, it's your own your own immune system. Which then leads us to this understanding that we have to modulate our immune system, stop overstimulating the immune system, and it starts with a good flora because a lot of the stimulation of the immune system, above and beyond what is normal physiology, is in your gut.

And this leads to the next question, you know, want to acknowledge again that neither of us are women and we've never lived in women's bodies. So, but one of the biggest frustrations I hear from women or I when I listen to podcasts or when I interview people who are experts in this area is that um women in their 40s tend to feel like they're doing everything right. Right? They're doing the exercise, right? They're following their the nutrition keeps getting more restricted and more, you know, um, you know, more focused. And they're they're working so hard to maintain whatever it is that they want to maintain, whether it's their aesthetics, whether it's their health, it's their activity levels, whatever it may be. And but it just stalls and inevitably just stalls, and it's frustrating, right? How much of this is is related to the gut health, do you think?

I mean, it's hard to assess. It's hard to assess because there's so many things happening all at once. It is definitely, definitely a key element. Definitely. Like it cannot be disregarded. It it has to be it has to be looked at and and something needs to be done to at least do a test to see what's the flora. Do I have bacteria that are not the one that I should have, they're unfriendly bacteria, and then design a protocol to like reseed good healthy bacteria? Definitely try to diminish the exposure to processed food, artificial food. I know that it's like everybody says that, it's like almost like what is processed food?

It can't be said enough.

It's like go in, go and spend an hour sitting at a cashier and look at all the food items that go in the belt, and then ask yourself, which one of these do I find in nature? And you will realize that it's not a lot of them at the end of the day that people normally buy. If you're not conscious about it, a lot of stuff have been just prepared and packaged and manufactured. They all contain preservatives, emulsifiers, uh, all kinds of things that change texture and flavor, and and all of those, many of those, have an impact on the lining of your intestine. So to pay attention to these and take them out of your diet. It's definitely an angle to take care of. Yeah. Definitely. That exercise, immune uh hormone replacement therapy, and releasing your own stem cells. If you do those four, I I I think you've you're touching the key ones.

How how do you how do you guide people along that that lifestyle path there? To a healthier guide.

You talked about something that is extremely important. I I think we are beings of habits. Uh and habit modification is probably the most powerful thing that somebody can do in their lives. Um stem cells is far from that domain, but it's another domain in which I have worked a lot. Uh and oftentimes I tell people sit down with yourself right now. Take two minutes. It won't be longer than that. Take two minutes and think about three habits, three things that you do in your life that you know is not serving you, and change those three things. And you've just shifted the direction of your incarnation.

It's incredible.

It's if everybody can sit down with a piece of paper and a pen and you can very quickly identify which one they are. And the problem is that they look like a mountain to change, and they're not. They're like oftentimes I tell people they're a ditch. But because we stay in the ditch every day, it seems like a big deal to get out of it.

Sure.

And we just need to create a set of circumstances that is unusual for a few days, a week maybe. And then you we can get out of that. There's a way to get out of these habits and have a way to structure a new one that is opposite to the one that you so there's a whole process to do that. But you talked about these habits, and uh to me, like I would focus a lot on that. Identify these habits, find a way to change them. Uh cooking is definitely one of them. Uh, you mentioned meditation. To me, I mean, it's it's hard for me to talk. I'll I'll repeat something that you said a few times, and we cannot repeat it enough. You know, it's like two guys talking about what's happening when women go through menopause. It's like, how more ridiculous can it be than that? But let's put that aside, okay. Something that needs to be seen for what it is, because although it's not menopause, something happens to everybody as we age, like the body is not giving us what we expect. And taking a distance and really discovering that joy is a choice, happiness is self-generated. It comes from nothing from the outside. And the most wonderful proof of it is that every single human being on this planet has done a hundred thousand things in their life to be happy. And it brought happiness for a fraction of a second a day. And then after that, it it goes away. And then it's another one. It's another one. And what you don't realize is that we project our ability for happiness into an object. And then when we gain it, we experience the joy that comes from it, self-generated. And but because we packaged it in the thing, then now we go to the next thing. Take a distance from it and just say it's self-generated. And now all the the challenge that is faced because the body reacts differently. It doesn't look like I would like it to look, and all of that, it's it's a different experience about it. So to me, a big part of there's a component of it, which is to say it's a change that happened in the human body. It happens to everybody, different men and women, but it but then there's there's an age factor to this. It happens, it just needs to be accepted for what it is. And when it's accepted and you lose an expectation that you can never reproduce, you'll never be 20 again. It's just not going to happen. You can put all the wishes you want into it, it's never going to happen. And yet there are beautiful things to expand. I would not trade where I am right now at 60 for any other time in my life. You know, there's a maturity, there's like an understanding of things. Like I'm so much more at peace with the like this. I would not trade it. So it's another phase. Jump in that phase fully. And and then and contentment and happiness is self-generated.

Yeah.

I think it's an important, it's an important part of the whole picture as well.

That's beautifully said. And and one of the things we didn't mention here is that you you were a monk, right? That's right. That was Christian the monk talking right there, who we haven't really talked to yet in this interview series. That was beautifully said, man. I mean, if I looked at myself, if I went back to Eric in 21 and I said, Eric, at 49, this is what your life is going to be like, this is how you're going to feel. I'd be like, I'll take that all day long, right? Because I thought at age 49, I don't know, maybe it'd be walking with a cane by then. Because at that age, like 50, dude, at the moment I was young, 50 was like, oh my God. You know, that is old, dude. You are old. Wow.

You're and and what you're saying there is important because it's changing. Like my father at 60. I mean, no, I don't look like what my father looked like at 60. Right. And and it's like this for every one of my friends, everybody I talk to, everybody sees things have changed. We went from something that I've heard my father say, which is my health is not my responsibility. It's my doctor's responsibility. We go from that kind of generation to preventive medicine, which is interesting, but like preventing the problem doesn't put you in the in a great place. You just don't have the problem. And then we're moving to another phase, which is kind of captured by biohacking, but I would say just LT optimization. What I have as a body right now and as a mind can be way, way, way more effective. And uh so let's try to get to this optimal position. And there are methods and ways to do it. And so that's what we're talking about here. So when you jump into that, I mean you you can have a great life.

Yeah. Yeah, yeah, yeah. You know, it's um I I want to close out with this one last thing. Um so when when it comes to to women's gut health, I think uh what what you mentioned, I've been trying to think of an analogy or metaphor, whatever it was, but like stem cells, improving the stem cell system, the repair system will help your body kind of get it to a baseline where you can try to start to figure out like, okay, what is the root cause of this? Right. And I think that's when most people so we can we can start to band-aid our way up to a point where you're like, okay, I'm starting to feel okay, but you're still flying on this line where it's like this could drop in Amo and I could go back to the symptoms that I had before. So once we get to this point of like, okay, I can actually start to to live and breathe a little bit, how do they start to figure out, how do women start to figure out in this phase of life what the root cause is and what are some of the common root causes if there are anything?

I mean, I would say find a good functional doctor to dive into it. Okay. But let's come back to something that we touched here and there a lot, but never really like went into it like specifically. Every single problem, I can really go with you down the road and show how they result from a failure of endogenous repair, which is all tied to how many stem cells you have in circulation. If you put more stem cells in circulation, which is my 25 years of research, plant extracts that trigger the release of your own stem cells, if you simply put more stem cells in circulation, you've given back to your body an ability to repair that is at times phenomenal. So you're giving yourself, like you're raising the bar to another level. And now you go and you find what are the things happening into your body that are coupled with this phenomenon with stem cells? Because it's not just one thing. And then you identify them and then you improve them. It's hormonal balance, it's mitochondrial function, it's good flora, it's sometimes it's mindset, like it's it's a whole slew of things. And that you can really work with a functional somebody who's expertise in functional medicine, and you can find the cause. But stem cells is part of all of those aspects. So it's it's a great place to start.

Yeah, that's great. You know, I one of the things that it's the golden age of of health right now, it's only going to get better, I think, is that um people in general are learning that to your point about you know, the doctor used to be responsible for my health. It's not that case anymore. People have to be and can be, are enabled to be advocates for their own health. Right. You're kind of the CEO of your own health now. Correct. And you can go to a doctor, you know, you can get their insights. They're like a consultant, right? But that's your job. And I think people take a responsibility and advocating for themselves is probably one of the biggest shifts I've seen in the last five years. And a lot of it, give credit to people like you, right? Um, who are out there educating. And I think giving credit to people like me, but who are on a bigger scale, like who have the microphones and people are going to podcast and going to influencers to get health information? Is it all great? No. A lot of it's wrong. A lot of it's really wrong. But that's where you have to figure it out. You have to be an advocate for your own, your own health, like I said. So it's a really cool time. And um, you know, whenever I have people and I interview, I always like to ask this question at the end, Christian, is like, what do you need help with at this point? In this journey and this mission you're on, what's critical for you to be able to amplify your message, get more people living longer and healthier lives? What's what's what's an unlock?

I I'm working on my next book here that is going to contain a lot of the stuff that we've talked about, which essentially is this message that the human body has a repair system, it declines as we age, past a certain age, that failure of endogenous repair is the fundamental cause of aging and disease formation. And when I say it's the fundamental one, it's because let's say you take inflammation as a cause. It no question, it is part of the picture. No question. But take an ibuprofen and a tylenol every day and tell me if it's going to change the course of conditions or aging. Not really.

Right.

So if we say it's the free radical theory of aging, it absolutely has its place. No question it's part of the picture. But take vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin C, glutathione, and a bunch of those antioxidants. Will it change the course of disease formation? Not really. But as we are showing now in studies, you just put more stem cells in circulation, and it's amazing what you can see in people's health. But it's not the only thing, it's all of them together. But it changes how we practice medicine. Because now a patient goes into a clinic. Normally the doctor will look: is it intestinal flora, is it hormonal imbalance, is it neurotransmitter imbalance, is it mitochondrial function, whatever it is. Like you do like a whole assessment. Never in this inquiry is the question, is this person experiencing a failure of endogenous repair?

Right.

Because if you can tell yes, that's the case, first thing, give the body its ability to repair, and then you can fine-tune the rest around it. It changes the entire approach to medicine. What I have seen over the past 25 years of what can happen in someone's body when you just put more stem cells in circulation gives me the absolute conviction that when that concept sinks in in medicine with changing health and wellness on the face of the planet. It is powerful what it does. It will change the way that we practice medicine. I've been providing this message, I've been like screaming this message for 20 years, and it's just now starting to penetrate. Uh, with the question of like why? Why is it not penetrating faster? I'm thinking that it has a lot to do with the fact that the mind cannot accept something if it does not have kind of a prior knowledge about something. And we're we're shattering here a number of big walls. Number one, we talk about it. Stem cells cannot become cells about the tissue. That was a wall in the early days. Today it's kind of accepted. I think one of the stem cells cannot become like cells of the heart. The heart cannot repair, the brain cannot repair. That is still the case in current medicine. Our study on Parkinson right now, our biggest obstacle is that we recruit somebody in the study, then they go see their neurologist a month or two later, and then they drop the study because they come back and they say, I told my neurologist that I was part of that study, and you told me you're wasting your time. There's nothing that can be done for the brain. That's still so we're we're we're shattering that wall. So listeners can kind of accept it, but you need to see what we face in the medical world is a complete wall. It's impossible that your heart and your brain can repair like this. Yet the data is there, we're doing it. Yeah, it's it's fascinating to see academia refusing reality to stick to a theory. It's it's it's mind-blowing, but we're facing this. And I think the biggest one, we cure. Today, medicine does not cure. You have hypertension, high blood pressure. We redu you we must pharmaceutically reduce your blood pressure, but we haven't corrected anything in your body. All the side effects of this hypertension physiologically is still there. We mask everything, we never cure. If you have diabetes and you reverse your diabetes, there's two conclusions. It was a wrong diagnosis or it's a miracle. That's what that's what we say. Stem cells bring cure. It's a hard one to swallow for medical establishment. These are the big walls I think that are making this so hard to accept. Because if you look at the data itself, it's so simple. It is so simple. Just like you have an immune system, you have a repair system. It's clear, scientifically solid. So, anyway, my if I need help is to spread that message.

Awesome. Well, man, you've been doing it for two decades. Keep screaming, keep yelling. Appreciate it. It's happening now. It's happening. That's good. It's good. Well, I I know there's a lot of ways to follow you. I mean, your TikTok following is humongous. It's almost a million if it's not a million as of today. Um uh where else would you like people to go? I know stemregen.co is a good place to follow you. But yeah, give us give us a lowdown. Where would you like people to go?

stem regen.co, stemregen.co. And on either TikTok or Instagram, stem cell Christian. I thought that uh many people could not spell drapo. So stem cell Christian. Uh and if you have any question, you can put them there. My team will pick it up, pick it up, and I'll I'll provide answers.

Yeah, this was awesome, man. I learned so much, uh, and hopefully the audience did too. So, Christian, thank you so much for doing this. This is fantastic. My pleasure.